Materials

Ecology: The Biology of Interactions. 3.15. (supplement) Ecosystem Efficiency and Energy Subsidies

Ecosystems can be assisted by external energy inputs. To prevent weeds from choking wheat in a wheat field, humans invest additional energy. In primitive agriculture this energy can be muscular (for example, hand weeding), while in modern agriculture energy needs are mainly met through...

Ecology: The Biology of Interactions. 3.14. (supplement) Flora, Fauna, and Consortia

When describing the living world of specific territories, the terms fauna, flora, and several related concepts are often used. Flora is the totality of plant species associated with a particular geographic area. The composition of flora is determined both by modern conditions and by geological...