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Ecology: biology of interaction. 5.26. (supplement) Factors influencing organism development
«Hereditary» and «non‑hereditary» traits are merely the extreme points of a single scale, on which traits are arranged whose development, as a result of stabilizing selection, is regulated better (and …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. 5.27. (supplement) Pressure at Depth: Enduring and Overcoming
Sometimes environmental impacts are so severe that resisting them is nearly impossible. Water pressure at great depth is one such case. Deep-sea organisms usually do not resist pressure directly but …
Ecology: the biology of interaction. 6.01. The ecological crisis of modern times
Chapter 6. Human Ecology and Nature Conservation The components of the modern ecological crisis are as follows. The growth of the human population has caused shortages of food, energy, and …
Ecology: the biology of interaction. 6.02. Demographic explosion
In a paradoxical form about the hyperbolic growth of humanity, one of the founders of cybernetics, Heinz von Förster, reported that he (together with his colleagues) published in 1960 a …
Ecology: biology of interaction. 6.03. Demographic transition
The change in the birth‑mortality ratio accompanied by a rapid increase in population size, followed by its stabilization, is called a demographic transition. The changes occurring during a demographic transition …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. 6.04. Can Earth’s Population Size Be Limited?
As a consequence of Earth’s overpopulation, many proposals have been put forward to reduce global population. At first glance this seems straightforward, but practical implementation of large-scale demographic regulation has …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. 6.05. The Food Security Problem
Human existence depends on use of primary production. Each person requires roughly 1 million kcal per year. Although total food production exceeds demand by several tens of percent, high losses …
Ecology: the biology of interaction. 6.06. The problem of pesticides
Overall, it can be said that the use of pesticides initially leads to a surge in yields, which is then followed by a decline. One of the dangerous features of …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. 6.07. The Energy Supply Problem
The potential power of renewable energy sources is approximately 10-13 TW (terawatts, billions of kilowatts), which is of the same order of magnitude as humanity's needs.
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. 6.08. Water Availability and Soils in Ukraine
On average, the planet has about 11,000 cubic meters of river water per person per year. Most of Ukraine belongs to regions with limited water resources (less than 1,000 cubic …
Ecology: biology of interaction. 6.09. Global warming
One of the most striking recent environmental changes has been global warming — the gradual increase in the Earth's atmospheric and hydrospheric average annual temperature. Surprisingly, until relatively recently the …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. 6.10. Ozone and Ozone-Layer Depletion
In 1985, an "ozone hole" was discovered above the South Pole (a zone where ozone content was 40-50% of normal). According to the most probable hypotheses, its formation is linked …