For the overwhelming majority of sexually reproducing organisms, species populations are formed, which constitute biotic communities. Individuals within a population share a common gene pool and jointly participate in population reproduction. Populations in a community interact in various ways, from competition to exploitation and mutualism. A portion of the community that unites competing populations using the same resource can form guilds. The listed levels of organization of biosystems (population, guild, community) can be considered typical. However, for some groups of organisms other, unusual levels of organization occur. Among them are the European green frogs, Pelophylax esculentus complex.

The general natural-science part: The methods of scientific cognition of nature. The fundamentals of the general methodology of scientific research. The natural-science picture of the world.

Astronomy: The methods and means of astronomical research

Physics: Physics as a fundamental science. The methods of cognition.

Chemistry: The methods of scientific cognition in chemistry.

Biology: Biology is the science of the cognition of living nature. The methods of scientific cognition of living nature

Geography: Geography is a system of sciences about nature, population and economy. The place and role of geography in the system of the natural and social sciences

Resistance to manipulation, the scientific picture of the world

Critical thinking, the ability to make well-grounded decisions

I. The origin and development of the Universe and the Earth

Astronomy: The structure and development of the Universe. Galaxies. The Sun and the stars, the 'Milky Way' galaxy. The motion of the celestial bodies. The motion of the Solar System in the Galaxy. The motion of the planets of the Solar System

Physics: Matter and field. The physical properties of matter and field. Quanta. Elementary particles. Wave-particle duality. The fundamental interactions.

Chemistry: Chemical elements in nature. The cycle of elements. Metallic and non-metallic elements.

The examination of the cause-and-effect relationships that underlie the competences connected with the content lines

II. The origin and development of life on Earth

Chemistry: Organic compounds. The levels of organization of matter. The chemical reaction. The classification of chemical reactions

Biology: The cell. The features of the chemical composition of living systems. The main biochemical processes. The modern cell theory. Non-cellular forms of life. The organism as an open self-regulating system. The general properties of organisms. Supra-organismal systems: the levels of organization of supra-organismal systems. The systematics and evolution of organisms.

Geography: geographical space.

The examination of the cause-and-effect relationships that underlie the competences connected with the content lines

III. The uniqueness of humanity

Biology: The human and the biosphere.

Geography: The spatial organization of the life and activity of people. Political, social, economic systems

The examination of the cause-and-effect relationships that underlie the competences connected with the content lines

IV. Variants of the future and non-depleting development

The general natural-science part: to assess the prospects and limitations of the relationships in the system 'nature - human - science - society - production'.

Astronomy: Astronomy in human life

Geography: The geographical aspects of the interaction of humans and nature. The geographical environment as a sphere of interaction of society and nature.

The main attention in the section is given to the material of this content line

Planning the future, understanding the trends in the development of society and its relationships with nature

V. The energy sources that humanity uses

Physics: Motion and interactions. The physical essence of physical phenomena and processes of various natures. The role of physical knowledge in the life of society, the development of technology and technologies, the solving of ecological problems. Nanophysics and nanotechnologies

Geography: The geography of natural resources. Nature management and its consequences.

The influence of the energy industry on the environment and human life

The responsible choice of an energy-use strategy

The influence of the energy industry on human health

An understanding of the advantages of modern technologies as a basis for effective business

VI. The substances that humans use

Chemistry: Matter. Inorganic compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements. Chemistry in the life of society. The role of chemistry in solving the global problems of humanity.

Geography: The geography of natural resources. Nature management and its consequences. Ukraine in the world, the economy, territorial differences, external economic relations.

The responsible choice of an energy-use strategy

The influence of the use of certain substances on human health

An understanding of the advantages of modern technologies as a basis for effective business

VII. The perception, processing and transmission of information

Biology: The organism as an open self-regulating system. The general properties of organisms. The main regularities of heredity and variability. Reproduction and ontogeny. Biotechnologies

Resistance to manipulation

An understanding of the advantages of modern technologies as a basis for effective business

VIII. Human health and demography

Biology: The organism as an open self-regulating system. The general properties of organisms. The main regularities of heredity and variability. Reproduction and ontogeny. Biotechnologies

Geography: Regional geographical systems. The regions and countries of the world, their natural and socio-economic features, international relations.

The main attention in the section is given to the material of this content line

An understanding of the advantages of modern technologies as a basis for effective business

IX. A safe environment

Biology: Supra-organismal systems: the levels of organization of supra-organismal systems. The human and the biosphere.

Geography: Geographical space. The general regularities of the development of society. Nature management and its consequences.

The main attention in the section is given to the material of this content line

The main attention in the section is given to the material of this content line

Accounting for the environmental component in the balance of economic accounts

Incorporation of the conservation component into the balance of economic accounts.

The general natural-science part: The fundamental ideas of the natural sciences. The main concepts of modern natural science.

The significance of natural-science knowledge in human life and the development of society.

Conclusions from the material considered, their influence on life and civic responsibility

Planning the future, understanding the trends in the development of society and its relationships with nature

Grade 10 (140 hours, 4 hours per week)

Introduction (approximate time - 10 hours)

distinguishes:

- information sources by reliability;

- scientific, non-scientific and pseudo-scientific theories;

describes:

- the differences of the scientific cognition of the world from the religious and the aesthetic;

composes:

- a research plan for a certain problem;

classifies:

- information sources;

characterizes:

- the stages of scientific research;

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- the results of scientific research and the confirmation of hypotheses.

names:

- the criteria of scientificity;

- the main stages of the development of the natural sciences;

explains the concept of:

- the falsifiability of scientific knowledge;

- feedback;

- the double-blind study

- evidence-based medicine;

gives examples:

- different approaches to the cognition of the world.

is aware of:

- the significance of the natural, humanitarian and technical sciences for achieving the desired future;

expresses a judgement:

- regarding the influence of different approaches to the cognition of the world on scientific cognition;

substantiates:

- the pseudo-scientific character of certain theories;

assesses :

- the significance of evidence-based medicine for the health-care system and the activity of humanity as a whole;

draws a conclusion:

- about the significance of modelling in the structure of scientific research.

The scientific method. The relationship between the scientific explanation of the world, the religious worldview and art, as fundamentally different approaches.

The criteria of scientificity; the falsifiability of scientific knowledge according to K. Popper. The structure of scientific research (observation, hypotheses, models, experiments, statistical processing; the testing of hypotheses and their refutation or confirmation).

Evidence-based medicine as a result of applying the scientific method in health care. The double-blind study.

The comparison and analysis of information sources. Scientific, popular-science, educational, entertainment, pseudo-scientific sources.

The significance of science for modern humanity. An algorithm for achieving a desired state: to determine the causes of the existing state (the cause-and-effect chains that formed it); to determine the desired future and the ways of achieving it; to model the transition from the existing to the desired state; to implement what is planned. The significance of the natural, humanitarian and technical sciences for such a transition.

Demonstration:

- examples of works of fine art based on the features of the physiology of human visual perception.

Practical works:

— the study of the electrification of a ball by friction and the experimental testing of hypotheses;

- the 'blind spot' in the human eye and the algorithms of the modelling of reality by the brain that can be revealed with its help;

— a double-blind study (an organoleptic analysis of water or similar);

- working with a synchronistic table of the development of the natural sciences.

Models:

- cause-and-effect relationships.

Projects:

- an analysis of the scientificity/non-scientificity of certain concepts.

I. The origin and development of the Universe and the Earth (approximate time - 30 hours)

describes:

- the stages of the life cycle of stars;

composes:

- diagrams of the movement of the lithospheric plates of the Earth;

classifies:

- the atoms of chemical elements;

compares:

- the features of the structure of the Earth compared with the other planets of the Solar System;

- the processes that take place inside celestial bodies;

characterizes:

- the Sun as a star;

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- the presence of a large satellite (the Moon) and the features of the processes on Earth.

names:

- the main stages of the formation of the Solar System;

- the methods of modern cosmological research;

— main-sequence stars;

explains:

- the essence of the 'Big Bang' hypothesis, the concept of entropy;

- the origin of chemical elements in different processes in stars;

- the conditioning of the 'arrow of time' by thermodynamic processes;

gives examples:

- elementary particles.

is aware of:

- the worldview significance of scientific cosmogonic theories;

expresses and substantiates a judgement regarding:

- the connection between life on Earth and processes in space;

assesses:

- the significance of the geophysical features of the Earth as a planet for the origin of life;

draws a conclusion:

- about the significance of modelling in understanding the physical picture of the world.

Pokhodzhennia Vsesvitu. The 'Big Bang', the appearance of space and time.

Matter and field, their physical properties. Quanta. Elementary particles. Wave-particle duality. The interrelationship of energy and matter; E=mc².

The principle of equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass.

The axis of time and the directionality of processes. The mechanical and thermodynamic models of time; entropy.

The appearance of elementary particles and atoms.

The appearance of the stars. Thermonuclear reactions. The emergence of light elements as a result of thermonuclear reactions. The life cycle of stars, supernova explosions; the appearance of heavy elements. The radiation of stars; the quantum nature of light.

The expansion of the Universe. The Doppler effect. Modern cosmological research. The problem of studying dark matter and dark energy.

The formation and development of the Earth. The appearance of the Solar System. The mechanics of the rotation of physical bodies. The formation of the Earth, its structure; gravitational differentiation. The appearance of the Moon; its influence on processes on Earth. The slowing of the Earth's rotation about its axis. Tidal phenomena, the magnetic field of the planet.

The cooling of the planet, the appearance of the ocean. Plate tectonics. The mountain cycle, sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks, volcanism. The active lithosphere of the Earth as a cause of the elemental diversity of its surface.

Demonstration:

- the deviation of the Earth from a spherical shape as a result of its rotation;

- the centrifugal force;

— the motion of balls with different fillers;

— modelling the expanding Universe using a balloon.

Practical works:

— determining the speed of electromagnetic radiation using a microwave oven and a bar of chocolate;

- the observation of the Doppler effect;

- the gravitational differentiation of mixtures.

Models:

— the physical modelling of gravitational systems, black holes (an elastic fabric);

— the balance between the gravitational compression and the thermal expansion of a star.

- plate tectonics; modelling the movement of the continents and the formation of the modern distribution of land and sea.

Projects:

- what fate awaits the Sun (with an analysis of the reliability of the information sources)?

II. The origin and development of life on Earth (approximate time - 24 hours)

describes:

- the role of living organisms in the creation of mineral resources;

composes:

- models of the phylogeny of individual groups of organisms (and other objects);

classifies:

- different explanations of the origin of life on Earth (creationism, spontaneous generation, biochemical evolution, panspermia) by the criteria of scientificity;

compares:

- the energy sources for the life activity of organisms;

characterizes:

- the stages of the establishment and development of life on Earth;

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- the increasing complexity of the structure of cells and multicellular organisms and the complexity of the processes in them;

- the activity of living organisms and the transformation of the land;

- the processes in living organisms and the composition of the shells of the Earth;

adheres to the rules:

- the construction of tables and diagrams demonstrating the evolutionary development of the plant and animal world of the Earth.

names:

- the scientific methods of studying the history of the Earth;

- the main features of living systems;

explains:

- the essence of the processes of chemosynthesis, photosynthesis, fermentation, respiration;

recognizes:

- examples of different fossil organisms;

gives examples:

- catastrophic events in the history of the Earth.

is aware of:

- why the appearance of life on Earth has a regular character;

expresses and substantiates a judgement regarding:

- the influence of astronomical and geological factors on the origin and development of life on Earth;

- the significance of chemosynthesis, photosynthesis, fermentation, respiration for living organisms and the Earth as a whole;

draws a conclusion:

- about the integrity and self-regulation of living systems;

- about the significance of natural communities for maintaining the balance in the biosphere;

- about the significance of modelling in understanding the evolution of life on Earth.

The origin of life on Earth. The regular character of the appearance of life on Earth. Autocatalytic reactions. Chemical selection. Approaches to defining life, the main features of living systems.

The geochronological scale. The methods of studying the history of the Earth and the phylogeny of living systems.

Non-cellular systems capable of replication. The origin of cells.

The history of the biosphere. The bacterial stage of the evolution of life. Stromatolites. The formation of mineral resources. The 'Oxygen Revolution'.

Sexual reproduction and its significance.

Energy sources for life activity. Chemosynthesis, photosynthesis, fermentation, respiration.

The appearance of the eukaryotic cell. Symbiogenesis. The emergence of plants and animals, the main stages of their evolution. The mastering and transformation of the land by life.

Catastrophic events in the history of the Earth and their significance. Biogeocoenotic crises and the renewal of flora and fauna. The dynamics of the climate throughout the geological history of the Earth.

The ecological strategies of different species.

Demonstration:

- modelling the stability of systems capable of replication (Conway's game of 'Life' or similar).

Practical works:

— the reconstruction of phylogeny and the construction of phylogenetic trees;

- reconstructions of the composition of the ancient supercontinents from the data of historical biogeography;

— modelling the emergence of complex molecules (blocks in a washing machine);

— the dissolution of the pigment layer of M&M's sweets in a layer of water as a model of the compartmentalization of space by lipid membranes;

- the chromatography of pigments.

Models:

- tornadoes;

- timelines;

— 'Daisyworld' according to J. Lovelock.

Projects:

- experiments on the creation of artificial life;

- the search for planets suitable for life, and for extraterrestrial life;

- examples of symbiogenesis in the modern living world.

III. The uniqueness of humanity (approximate time - 30 hours)

describes:

- the features of biological, cultural and technological evolution;

composes:

- diagrams of the phylogeny of the human and the dispersal across the world;

classifies:

- tools by their energy sources and resource consumption,

compares:

- the genetic and cultural transmission of information;

adheres to the rules:

- the construction of tables and diagrams demonstrating the evolutionary development of the human.

names:

- the biological features of the human compared with other mammals, primates, hominids;

- the biological and social factors of anthropogenesis;

- the stages of anthropogenesis;

explains:

- changes in the reproductive biology and life cycle of the human during its evolution;

gives examples:

- the emergence and development of certain tools, instruments;

- fossil humans attributed to different stages of anthropogenesis.

is aware of:

- the instability of the way of life of modern humanity owing to its critical dependence on non-renewable and exhaustible resources;

expresses a judgement regarding:

- the influence of the use of tools on the biological and social features of the human;

substantiates:

- the uniqueness of the population structure of humanity;

assesses :

- the role of global processes for modern humanity;

draws a conclusion:

- about the significance of modelling in understanding the mechanisms of anthropogenesis.

Anthropogenesis. The phylogeny of the human. The biological features of the human compared with other representatives of the family Hominidae (including chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and extinct representatives).

The social features of the human and their preconditions. Changes in reproductive biology and the life cycle during anthropogenesis.

The evolution of social behaviour and altruism in the human.

The dispersal of people across the Earth. A comparison of the genetic and cultural transmission of information. The features of cultural and technological evolution compared with biological evolution. Tools and 'organ projection'. The mechanics of the movement of human limbs and of mechanisms.

Adaptation to changes in the way of life thanks to cultural inheritance and the joint maintenance of cultural models based on complex sign systems.

The dispersal of the modern-type human across the Earth. Changes in the human way of life during its dispersal across different continents and in different natural-climatic zones. The biological changes of the human during dispersal and their causes.

The globality of modern humanity. The use of tools through which a flow of energy passes and which require the consumption of resources. The use of energy stored in sources from the past (fossil fuel - nuclear energy - thermonuclear energy).

The ability of people to transfer resources between populations as a precondition for the globality of humanity. The forms of resource transfer between the parts of global humanity.

Renewable and non-renewable, exhaustible and inexhaustible resources. The instability of the way of life of modern humanity, which depends critically on non-renewable and exhaustible resources.

Demonstration:

- reconstructions of different hominids; a virtual tour of museums.

Practical works:

— an analysis of the 'organ projections' of tools;

- the construction of the simplest dwelling from a limited set of materials.

Models:

— the iterated 'prisoner's dilemma';

— modelling the 'mitochondrial Eve' effect using dice.

Projects:

- the interrelationship of the factors of anthropogenesis.

IV. Variants of the future and non-depleting development (approximate time - 10 hours)

describes:

- the main features of the concept of sustainable development;

classifies:

- the possible risks of the future by selected features;

compares:

- different scenarios of the predicted future;

— anthropocentrism and naturocentrism;

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- the shortage of resources and the emergence of socio-political conflicts;

adheres to the rules:

- the construction of diagrams of cause-and-effect relationships and mind maps.

names:

- scenarios of the predicted future;

- the risks of the future;

gives examples:

- the deficit of necessary elements and substances;

- the energy shortages that humanity has faced in our time.

expresses a judgement regarding:

- the influence of human actions on the probability of the realization of future scenarios;

assesses:

- the prospects of the mastering of space by humanity;

draws a conclusion:

- about the significance of modelling the processes of the future.

The variability of the future. Modelling the future and its limitations. Versions of the future: predicted, desired, projected.

Different scenarios of the predicted future - from catastrophic to unlimited progress.

Determining the desired and achieving the projected future. Anthropocentrism, naturocentrism. The concept of sustainable (= non-depleting) development.

The significance of human actions that will favour the desired scenarios. The necessity of the development of the sciences, including the natural sciences, as a basis for the adaptation of humanity to the changing environment and the change of its relationships with it.

The risks and opportunities of the future: a deficit of necessary elements and substances; a shortage of energy and limitations in its use; technological dangers and risky changes to human nature; the risks of overpopulation, depopulation and epidemics; changes to the environment as a result of pollution, and so on.

The mastering of space and the possible cosmic prospects of humanity.

Demonstration:

- the dynamics of the models of the future built at different times, and the assessment of the correspondence of the forecasts to reality.

Models:

- the study of the stability of ecosystems (for example, on a virtual aquarium model).

Projects:

- futurological forecasts; will humanity reach the singularity point within the lifetime of today's senior pupils?

- * the design of a colony on Mars/the Moon, the calculation of resources;

- the colonization of other planets by humanity: pure fantasy or a potential possibility?

V. The energy sources that humanity uses (approximate time - 36 hours)

describes:

- ways of transforming energy in different processes;

composes:

- diagrams of the transformation of energy in different processes;

classifies:

- the energy sources that modern humans use;

compares:

- the forms of energy consumption; the causes of the dominance of certain forms of energy consumption at different times;

characterizes:

- the possibilities and limitations of alternative energy;

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- the energy sources that humanity uses, and the possible ecological consequences.

names:

- ways of saving energy in everyday life;

- the energy needs of the human organism;

explains:

- the transformation of energy on the basis of the conservation laws;

recognizes:

- the energy sources of natural phenomena and processes;

gives examples:

- the use of different energy sources (solar energy, the energy of the movement of air and water, combustible minerals, biomass, nuclear energy, and so on).

is aware of:

- the significance of the rational use of different forms of energy in everyday life;

expresses and substantiates a judgement regarding:

- the influence of the availability and accessibility of energy sources on the character of the economy of certain countries of the world;

assesses:

- the ratio of different directions of energy use by modern humanity;

draws a conclusion:

- about the significance of modelling in understanding the processes of energy transformation.

Sources and transformation of energy. The energy sources that modern humans use. The ways of transforming energy, measuring its quantity and changes in its quality. The thermodynamic limitations of the use of energy by humanity. The Carnot cycle.

The energy sources that humanity uses, and the further prospects for their use:

- the energy of biomass, which is solar energy bound during photosynthesis;

- the energy of the movement of air and water, which is solar energy transformed by the shells of the Earth;

- the direct use of solar energy;

- the energy of combustible minerals, fossil solar energy bound as a result of photosynthesis in past geological epochs;

- geothermal energy, tidal energy (the energy of the Earth - Moon system);

- nuclear and thermonuclear energy.

The causes of the growth of the diversity of energy sources that humanity uses throughout its history. Going beyond the limitation of the number of renewable energy sources in the habitats of human populations, the use of energy stored in past geological epochs and at past stages of the development of the Universe.

Energy losses during its use and the means of reducing them. Magnetic levitation.

Ways of using and accumulating energy. Physiological energy consumption; energy expenditure on maintaining the state of the local environment; the energy used by technical tools (which 'feed' on energy).

The electric power industry, the consumption of electrical energy. Direct and alternating current. Energy carriers, batteries. Hydrogen fuel cells.

The use and saving of energy in everyday life. The energy needs of industry.

The future of the energy industry. The newest and most promising energy technologies. Alternative energy, its possibilities and limitations. Changes in human life connected with alternative energy and modern technologies for storing it.

Practical works:

- the transformations of energy (light into heat, mechanical; mechanical into electrical, and so on);

- the construction of the simplest electric motor and electric generator;

- a comparison of different types of lamps by their spectral characteristics;

— the magnetic levitation of a spinning top.

Models:

— modelling a chain reaction (dominoes).

Projects:

- the physical properties of direct and alternating current as a basis for their use in everyday life, production and transport;

- ways of reducing energy losses in transport;

- an expensive toy or an alternative: can a modern electric car completely replace a car with an internal combustion engine;

- alternative fuel for petrol and diesel engines: advantages and disadvantages;

- * the calculation of the energy efficiency of different ways of saving electricity and heat.

Grade 11 (140 hours, 4 hours per week)

VI. The substances that humans use (approximate time - 40 hours)

describes:

- the components of soil fertility;

classifies:

- the elements and substances that the human needs;

- the energy subsidies necessary for obtaining agricultural products;

compares:

- different ways of preparing food;

- the methods of genetic engineering versus the classical methods of selection;

characterizes:

- methods of obtaining hydrocarbons,

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- the composition, properties, methods of storage, transportation and use of hydrocarbons and their influence on the environment;

adheres to the rules:

- the safe handling of organic and inorganic substances in everyday life;

- the construction of diagrams of the cycle of elements and substances.

names:

- the components of food, the criteria of complete (balanced) nutrition;

- the factors that influence the productivity of agriculture;

- the fields of application of hydrocarbons;

explains:

- the significance of the cycle of substances in maintaining the stability of ecosystems;

gives examples:

- food additives (colourings, emulsifiers, flavour enhancers, flavourings, and so on);

- the contamination of food with the elements of the mineral nutrition of plants.

is aware of:

- the necessity of protecting the environment from industrial waste;

expresses and substantiates a judgement regarding:

- the influence of the products of organic synthesis on the ecological state of the environment;

- the significance of plant-protection products and their influence on the health of people and the environment when used incorrectly;

assesses:

- the biological significance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates; their role in human nutrition;

- the advantages and disadvantages of consuming plant and animal food and of clothing made from natural and artificial fabrics;

- the safety of organic substances and the possibility of their use;

- the ecological consequences of violating the technologies of obtaining and using hydrocarbons and their derivatives;

recognizes:

- elements of manipulative technologies in advertising, in particular, 'organic production';

solves the problem:

- one's own rational nutrition based on knowledge about the components of food;

draws a conclusion:

- about the significance of modelling in understanding the processes of the transformation of substances, in particular in the human organism.

Human nutrition. The human need for elements and substances. Food as a resource; plant and animal food. The storage of food and its preservation.

The preparation of food.

Food additives: colourings, emulsifiers, flavour enhancers, flavourings, and so on.

The problem of the quality of drinking water.

The problems of agriculture. The problems of agriculture. The energy sources for it. Energy subsidies in obtaining agricultural products, energy expenditure on the processing, storage and transportation of food.

The factors that influence the productivity of agriculture. Soil fertility. The 'Green Revolution' and its consequences.

Fertilizers. The removal of organogenic elements from agroecosystems and the ways of compensating for it. The contamination of food with the elements of the mineral nutrition of plants.

Protection from 'pests' - herbivorous animals that compete with humanity for primary production, and 'weeds' - plants that compete with agricultural plants. Pesticides and pesticide pollution.

The marketing campaign of 'organic production' and its scientific (un)soundness.

Means of selection. Genetic engineering. GMOs and the myths connected with them. The safety testing of agricultural products.

The use of mineral resources by humanity. The mineral resources that humanity uses. The physical and chemical properties of substances connected with their use.

The dynamics of the use of mineral resources. The extraction of metals, the history of the development of metallurgy.

The extraction and processing of oil, gas and coal. The Hubbert curve. 52the chain 'revolution'. Local problems connected with the extraction of combustible minerals. Land reclamation.

The possible consequences of the exhaustion of mineral resources.

The recycling of resources.

Synthetic substances. New materials and the change in the importance of natural resources. Composites. Nanomaterials.

The resource provision of Ukraine. The main resources on the territory of Ukraine and the prospects for their use. Ukrainian chernozems and the problem of preserving soil fertility. The water supply of Ukraine.

Demonstration:

- the representation of the amount of sugar and fats in drinks and products;

— the effect of a microwave oven on a compact disc.

Practical works:

- the division of colourings into water-soluble and fat-soluble;

- obtaining and studying household indicators;

— the creation of a map of the tongue's sensitivity to the meaty taste ('umami');

- the study of the swelling of gels (gummy sweets) in solutions of different concentrations;

- the Mohs scale and its application in everyday life.

Models:

- the cycle of organogenic elements;

- the influence of ecological factors on the productivity of a plant.

Projects:

- modern technologies for obtaining drinking water and the instrumental assessment of its quality;

- energy subsidies into agriculture, or why we 'feed' mainly on oil;

- * an assessment of the ratio of the cost price of food products to the costs of their logistics and distribution;

- chemical elements in modern technical devices (using the example of a smartphone, and so on).

VII. The perception, processing and transmission of information (approximate time - 26 hours)

describes:

- the processes of storing and transmitting information;

- the influence of information technologies on the structure of production, on the use of resources;

composes:

- schemes of the construction of statements according to formal logic;

classifies:

- means of communication by the principles and technologies of information transmission;

compares:

- the origin and circulation of matter, energy and information;

- the sensory systems of the human;

characterizes:

- the process of modelling the world by the human psyche;

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- the features of the environment and the development of certain sensory systems;

adheres to the rules:

- the construction of diagrams of the control of processes with feedback, in particular the regulation of the activity of certain systems of the human organism, regulation in technical systems.

names:

- the principles of operation of the sense organs;

- technical means that extend the natural range of human sensitivity;

explains:

- the concepts of information, homeostasis;

- the essence of the information 'revolution';

- the principles of functioning of the virtual environment, augmented reality, brain-computer interfaces;

recognizes:

- logic elements;

gives examples:

- the possible information technologies of the future.

is aware of:

- the significance of the processes of storing and transmitting information for the functioning of civilization;

expresses a judgement regarding:

- the influence of artificial intelligence on the social structure of humanity in the future;

assesses :

- the influence of communication and information-processing technologies on various fields of human activity;

draws a conclusion:

- about the significance of modelling in understanding the processes of the transmission and processing of information.

Information exchange. General ideas about information. A comparison of matter, energy and information. The storage and transmission of information.

Regulation and homeostasis in biological systems. Feedback. Regulation in technical systems, cybernetics.

The perception of information. The evolution of the sense organs of animals.

Vision and the optical features of the environment. The optical characteristics of the eye. A comparison of the eye and a camera.

Hearing and the acoustic features of the environment.

Smell, tactile perception, and so on.

Technical means that extend the perceptual capabilities of the human.

The perception of the world by the human. The modelling of the world by the psyche. Formal logic.

The transmission and processing of information. Sign systems.

Communication, its means. Information-transmission technologies.

The information 'revolution', its influence on technology and the use of resources. The virtual environment. Augmented reality.

Information technologies and the future. The problem of artificial intelligence. Brain-computer interfaces.

Demonstration:

- the camera obscura, the camera;

- night-vision devices and thermal imagers.

Practical works:

- the sensors with which a smartphone is equipped; which parameters they measure and what they can be used for;

— measuring physical parameters using the built-in sensors of a smartphone;

— the effect of the main parameters (exposure, f-number, sensitivity) of a camera on the quality of a photograph;

- a comparison of the appearance of objects in visible and ultraviolet light; optical brighteners;

- optical illusions;

- tactile illusions;

- performing exercises on the application of formal logic;

— the determination of paternity from conditional data.

Models:

- the spatial correspondence of the molecules of odorous substances to receptors;

- the varieties of codes;

— mechanical models of logic elements ('YES', 'NOT', 'OR').

Projects:

- is the Internet a noosphere?

- the polymerase chain reaction and its use in solving practical problems.

VIII. Human health and demography (approximate time - 40 hours)

describes:

- the influence of advertising and fashion on the spread of the use of certain medical and preventive procedures and means;

composes:

- a personal diet;

classifies:

- means of treating human diseases;

- ways and means of compensating for the special needs of sick people;

compares:

- different technologies for changing or correcting appearance;

characterizes:

- the possibilities of different tests and technical means for diagnosing certain diseases;

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- individual dangerous factors and their influence on the state of human health;

adheres to the rules:

- the rules of behaviour in the event of the occurrence of diseases;

- the assembly and maintenance of home first-aid kits.

names:

- the features of human health according to the WHO definition;

- the largest-scale epidemics in the history of humanity;

- the advantages and possible risks of using genetically modified organisms;

explains:

- the possible consequences of gene therapy;

- the essence of evidence-based medicine;

- the causes and consequences of the antibiotic-therapy-directed evolution of the bacteria that cause infectious diseases;

gives examples:

- cellular technologies for ensuring health;

- the recreational potential of different regions of Ukraine.

is aware of:

- the significance of vaccination in the formation of herd immunity to dangerous infectious diseases;

expresses a judgement regarding:

- the possibilities of using genetically modified organisms;

- the moral and social aspects of biological research;

substantiates:

- the economic expediency of a healthy way of life;

assesses:

- the influence of various factors on the dynamics of the size of humanity, in particular those that ensured the rapid growth of the size of humanity over the last two centuries;

draws a conclusion:

- about the significance of modelling in the study of demographic processes and the spread of epidemics.

Human health. The concept of human health; the influence of various factors on the state of health.

The diagnosis of health disorders. Tests and devices for diagnosis.

Means of treatment: surgery and therapy, including with medicines. Evidence-based medicine. Personalized medicine

Advertising and fashion in the use of medical procedures and means. Dietary supplements.

Infectious and parasitic diseases, their influence on the size of humanity in the past and their possible significance in the future. The evolution of bacteria directed by antibiotic therapy. Resistant forms of disease agents.

Vaccination. Herd immunity.

A healthy and an unhealthy way of life. Diets, technologies for changing appearance.

Recreation.

The mutational load in human populations.

Cellular technologies for ensuring health (in vitro fertilization, the use of stem cells, cloning, and so on). The compensation of special needs. The biomedical technologies of the future, gene therapy.

Ageing, its possible causes. The factors that influence life expectancy.

Human demography. The dynamics of the size of humanity and various mathematical models for describing it. The hyperbolic growth of the size of humanity.

The demographic transition. The features of the demographic composition of different types of countries. The demography of Ukraine.

The problem of the 'carrying capacity' of the Earth and its dependence on the way of life of humanity. The limitation of the growth of the size of humanity.

Demonstration:

- anamorphoses of the world map depending on data on diseases and demography.

Models:

- the spread of infections and herd immunity;

- the spread of epidemics and pandemics;

- the dynamics of the size of humanity.

Projects:

- the placebo effect;

- the composition of a home first-aid kit or a traveller's first-aid kit;

- the significance of data visualization in the development of the health-care system (the work of Florence Nightingale, and so on).

IX. A safe environment (approximate time - 24 hours)

describes:

- the influence of climate change on certain regions of the world;

- the dynamics of the change of aggressiveness at different levels of the organization of society throughout the history of humanity;

composes:

- the list of necessary sensors for registering possible dangers of the home, of production;

classifies:

- the categories of pollution;

compares:

- the effects of environmental pollution by different categories of pollutants;

characterizes:

- ways of protecting personal data from loss/theft;

establishes cause-and-effect relationships between:

- global climate change and its influence on certain regions and ecosystems in Ukraine.

names:

- modern methods of human identification;

- the features of the favourable state of the local environment;

- the climatic zones of Ukraine;

explains:

- the essence of the 'nuclear winter' model and other dangers of military actions for the stability of humanity;

- the influence of various factors on the stability of ecosystems;

gives examples:

- technogenic accidents and catastrophes that are significant in their impact on the environment.

is aware of:

- the necessity of ensuring ecological safety during the obtaining and use of different energy sources and resources;

expresses a judgement regarding:

- directions for reducing the risk of technogenic accidents and catastrophes;

substantiates:

- the relationship of the roles of the individual and the state in ensuring the personal safety of citizens;

assesses:

- the significance and conditions of use of means of individual self-defence;

draws a conclusion:

- about the risk of the self-destruction of human civilization and its possible causes;

- about the significance of modelling in the design of a safe environment.

Personal Safety. Personal safety and the safety of the home. Sensors that register dangers.

The 'smart home'.

Methods of human identification. Personal data and protection against its loss.

The quality and safety of the environment. The stability of ecosystems and the factors that influence it.

The protection of biodiversity.

The categories of pollution and their effects. The 'ecological footprint' of human activity.

Technogenic accidents and catastrophes. Radiation contamination and its sources, the Chernobyl accident and its consequences. The decay chains of radioactive elements; the elements connected with the contamination after the Chernobyl accident. Natural sources of radioactive radiation.

Pollution and the favourable state of the local environment.

Climate change and its possible causes. International cooperation in the control of climate change.

The features of the climate of Ukraine, the possible consequences of its change.

The stability of human civilization. Conflicts within humanity. The military threat. The 'nuclear winter' model. The concept of mutually assured destruction. The dynamics of aggression in the history of humanity. The problem of the possible self-destruction of civilization and possible safeguards against it.

Demonstration:

- means of human identification.

Practical works:

- the identification of people by certain features (by a general description of features, by a fingerprint, a photograph of the iris, and so on).

Models:

- the 'nuclear winter';

- the consequences of climate change.

Projects:

- means of individual self-defence;

- * the development of a regime for conserving a certain element of an ecosystem;

- the active and passive safety systems of a car; the kinetics of the airbag and the seat belt.

Summary (approximate time - 10 hours)

composes:

- an action plan for solving a certain problem at the level of one's home, neighbourhood, street, and so on;

participates:

- in environmental-protection and other socially significant activity;

adheres to:

- the requirements of ecological ethics in everyday life.

names:

- the main directions of volunteer activity;

gives examples:

- volunteer activity and its influence on social processes.

is aware of:

- the significance of the scientific picture of the world for making correct decisions about the optimal course of action;

expresses and substantiates a judgement regarding:

- one's own course of action for the coming years in the context of the course;

forms a civic stance:

- in the field of environmental protection.

What to do? The search for the optimal course of action by each individual person, family, Ukraine as a whole and humanity in general.

Civic stance. Volunteering. The concept of small deeds.

The change of the priorities of values in modern humans.