Biology. Introduction to the Profession. Task I: text with different types of citations

Note: all the examples of author and date references in this paragraph are different, corresponding to different styles (or not corresponding to any)! In each individual case, only one of these options may be correct (or some other not presented here): (Ivanov 2000); (Ivan Ivanov 2000); (Ivanov Ivan 2000); (Ivanov, 2000); (Ivan Ivanov, 2000); (Ivanov Ivan, 2000); (Ivanov Ivan. 2000); (Ivanov I. 2000); (Ivanov I., 2000)... Only the variant (Ivanov, 2000) corresponds to the American Psychological Association style (APA style), and only the variant (Ivanov 2000) corresponds to Chicago style: Author-Date. Note: references in the text and source description should, where possible, be in the language of the source.

Students must write (not by hand: type an electronic test) a short text (may be half a page in normal style) on a biological topic that interests them. They choose the topic themselves, based on available sources and with the aim of using at least three different types of citations in the text. The text should use either the American Psychological Association style (APA style) or Chicago style: Author-Date; if using this style, it must be indicated!). Additionally, another clearly defined citation style may be used; in such case, a reference to the requirements of this style must be provided, and one must be prepared to explain why the references used in the text and the source descriptions conform to this style. A longer text with more citations may be written, but it is important that all three types of citations listed are presented in the text, formatted in strict accordance with a particular style. Illustrations may also be used provided the source from which they were obtained is properly cited. Important requirement: the style of the text itself should be close to scientific. Among other things, the reader must understand on what basis each statement made in the text is based, and from where each text quoted in it was taken. Fulfilling this very requirement ensures correct citation. Choose for citation texts that have specific authors and specific publication data! Do not use what is written without author attribution on any website, since it is impossible to rely on something that itself has no foundation.

Three types of citations to be used:
— Direct quote: use in the text of a fragment taken from another source;
— Paraphrase: the author of the text presents an idea taken from another source; to clearly identify a paraphrase, certain phrases can be used, such as "according to the authors...", "the work () reports that..." etc.— and then not a direct quote, but a paraphrased text close to the author's text without quotation marks;
— Reference for justification: the author of the text presents a statement that does not belong to themself and indicates thanks to which source this statement can be justified.

A specific reference style in the text (i.e., mentions of cited sources within the text itself) should be correctly used, and at the end of the work, a correct description of sources should be provided. Citation styles determine how references in the text and source descriptions should be formatted. The created text should be saved in a file named "Surname_Task I" in *.pdf format and added to the WhatsApp group thread for practical sessions of the course "Biology. Introduction to the Profession" for a separate academic group.

References in the text provided by different styles are very diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: numeric or with author and year indication. The second option is more convenient for the reader, as it makes it possible to understand which work is being cited without "decoding" the number given in the text using the reference list.

Note: all the examples of author and date references in this paragraph are different, corresponding to different styles (or not corresponding to any)! In each individual case, only one of these options may be correct (or some other not presented here): (Ivanov 2000); (Ivan Ivanov 2000); (Ivanov Ivan 2000); (Ivanov, 2000); (Ivan Ivanov, 2000); (Ivanov Ivan, 2000); (Ivanov Ivan. 2000); (Ivanov I. 2000); (Ivanov I., 2000)... Only the variant (Ivanov, 2000) corresponds to the American Psychological Association style (APA style), and only the variant (Ivanov 2000) corresponds to Chicago style: Author-Date. Note: references in the text and source description should, where possible, be in the language of the source.

Please use sources that have specific authors and specific publication data! If you do not know where to look for such sources, try searching by keywords here: https://scholar.google.com/.

Descriptions of the two mentioned styles are provided in the methodological recommendations that can be downloaded here. Fragments relating to APA style and Chicago style: Author-Date can also be downloaded separately.

Let us give an example of using Chicago style: Author-Date (Chicago style: Author-Date). As can be seen, in the example, first a reference for justification is given, then a direct quote, and then a paraphrase.

Example of using Chicago style: Author-Date (Chicago style: Author-Date)
Several thousand styles are known (Bozhenko, Koryan, and Fedorets 2016), which differ in their area of application. Usually, the citation style is determined by the purpose of the text. Correct citation involves using references in the text and a description of the sources used at the end of the text. "Every source cited in the work must appear in the list of references. Likewise, every entry in the list of references must be mentioned in the text of the work" (Bozhenko, Koryan, and Fedorets 2016, p. 96). Yevhen Nikolaiev (2019) notes that citation can be omitted only when presenting widely disseminated information and well-known facts, or, in highly specialized texts—information that is well known to the circle of persons for whom the text is created.

References
Bozhenko, Oleksandra, Yuliia Koryan, and Maria Fedorets (compilers). 2016. International Rules for Citation and Referencing in Academic Works: Methodological Recommendations. Kyiv: Ukrainian Library Association.
Nikolaiev, Yevhen. 2019. "How to Write Without Academic Plagiarism?" Academic Integrity. Information Bulletin, November 2019. https://nrat.ukrintei.ua/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Integrity-bulletin-01.pdf.

Note several circumstances. There are three references in the text in the given fragment, and two source descriptions (one source is cited twice). The first reference to the methodological recommendations (justification) is without a page number, and the direct quote is with a page number (this is the author's choice; it could have been done differently, but for a direct quote it is always better to include the page). In the paraphrase, the author being cited is named, and therefore there is no point in repeating their surname in the reference, and only the year of publication of the work whose fragment was paraphrased is given.

Note one more circumstance: the reference to the source is part of the sentence. Compare two variants, correct and incorrect:
"Quote" (Author 0000).
"Quote". (Author 0000)
The first variant is correct, in which the reference is part of the sentence; the comma comes after the reference, not before it.

Chicago style: Author-Date is often used in the natural sciences in the English-speaking world. It is somewhat unusual for us. For example, in Ukrainian, in a construction like "first, second, and third," a comma before "and" is not used, but here it is necessary, as can be seen in the example (Bozhenko, Koryan, and Fedorets 2016). However, these unusual features may prompt understanding that the rules of the style must be followed literally. However strange the requirements of any style may seem to you, they must be scrupulously fulfilled!

APA style may seem more familiar to us. Among other things, it (with some additions) is used by publications of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, including the Bulletin of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series "Biology" and other publications of Karazin University.
More detailed information about reference styles and help with creating references can be obtained here.

Appendix
The experience of checking completed tasks shows that a certain proportion of students try not to fulfill the requirements, but either to do better than the task provides, or to copy something found on the network or trust artificial intelligence. In order not to have to list each time the shortcomings that the instructor points out, I propose a list of possible errors. Of course, the "weight" of these errors is different, but, generally speaking, a correctly completed task should not contain any of them.

1. Is the text written in a scientific style, logically and sequentially? If not — Error_01
2. Does the text contain no factual, scientific errors, incorrect use of concepts? If not — Error_02
3. Is the text written correctly, without grammatical and syntactic errors? If not — Error_03
4. Is the text devoted to problems of biology? If not — Error_04
5. Is the task placed where it should be (in the group thread)? If not — Error_05
6. Does the task name meet the requirements ("Surname_Task I")? If not — Error_06
7. Does the file format meet the requirements (*.pdf)? If not — Error_07
8. Is APA style used for references and citations? If not, is it Chicago style: Author-Date, as indicated in the text? If not, is it another specified style with a reference to its requirements? If not — Error_08
9. Do the sources referenced in the text have authors and publication data? If not — Error_09
10. Do the references in the text meet the requirements of the style (in the case of APA style, this is (Petrenko, 2020) or, for example, (Ivanov, Petrenko, & Vasilenko, 2010, p. 92), without extra names, initials, etc., without any innovations and fantasies)? If not — Error_10
11. Is there a direct quote in the text, shown specifically as a direct quote, in quotation marks, with the appropriate reference? If not — Error_11
12. Is there a paraphrase of a text fragment in the text, formatted specifically as a paraphrase, without quotation marks, in words that retell the author's text, with the appropriate reference? If not — Error_12
13. Is there a reference in the text for justifying a certain idea, without a quote and paraphrase? If not — Error_13
14. Is the reference list made according to the rules (in the case of APA style—"References," in the case of Chicago style—"References" or "List of Used Literature," the title of the list centered, sources in alphabetical order, etc.)? If not — Error_14
15. Does the reference list correspond to the references in the text? If not — Error_15
16. Are the references themselves (source descriptions) made according to the rules (for example, for APA style in the case of a single author's article: Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Journal Number, Page Range? Titles of books and journals in italics)? If not — Error_16
17. Are all borrowed text fragments (and, if necessary, illustrations) accompanied by references and literature descriptions? If not — Error_17
18. Is the text written independently (not stolen anywhere, not written by GPT chat, etc.)? If not — Error_18