I. Vertebrates Zoology-03. Examination questions

Each ticket consists of 6 questions: 2 mandatory questions on exam topics (a question about mammals + a generalization question) and 4 additional questions on topics covered during the semester (for those who did not pass these topics during the semester or are improving their score). Any student who wants to improve their score can answer additional questions on four topics. Before receiving the ticket, the student should agree with the instructor which topics (in addition to the mandatory questions) the student will be tested on. By declaring that they are retaking a topic, the student thereby nullifies the grade for it received during the semester. It is MANDATORY for students who have not passed these topics with instructors during the semester to answer additional questions on the topics. The explanation concerning all subsequent questions: the characteristic of a taxon includes a description of its characteristic features, systematics, most important representatives (especially in the fauna of Ukraine), lifestyle features, distribution, as well as significance for ecosystems and humanity. Exam Topic No. 1. Mammals 1. Evolutionary history of mammals. 2. Features of representatives of the class Mammalia. 3. External integuments of mammals. Derivatives of the epidermis and dermis. Glands, their derivatives. 4. Features of skeletal structure in representatives of different orders of mammals. 5. Dentition of mammals, its peculiarities in representatives of different orders. 6. Reproduction of mammals, its peculiarities in representatives of different groups. 7. Respiratory system of mammals. 8. Excretory system of mammals. 9. Circulatory system of mammals. 10. Characteristics of monotremes. 11. Characteristics of marsupials. 12. Systematics and diversity of placental mammals. 13. Characteristics of Afrotheria. 14. Characteristics of the order Primates. 15. Characteristics and comparison of the orders Rodentia and Lagomorpha. 16. Mammalian adaptation to aquatic environments. Diversity of aquatic mammals. 17. Characteristics of the order Cetacea. 18. Characteristics and comparison of the orders Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. 19. Mammalian adaptation to flight and gliding. Mammals capable of flight. 20. Characteristics of the order Carnivora. 21. Use of mammals by humans and problems of their conservation. 22. Systematic position of the species Homo sapiens. Manifestation of characteristic features of taxa to which humans belong in our species. Exam Topic No. 2. General questions of vertebrate zoology 1. Levels of taxa used in zoology. Rules for applying names of zoological taxa. 2. Relationship between systematics and phylogeny. 3. Main stages of evolution of the vertebrate nervous system. 4. Main stages of evolution of the vertebrate respiratory system. 5. Main stages of evolution of the vertebrate circulatory system. 6. Main stages of evolution of the vertebrate excretory system. 7. Main stages of evolution of the vertebrate skeleton. 8. Main stages of evolution of vertebrate locomotion. 9. Main stages of evolution of reproduction in vertebrates. 10. Main stages of evolution of parental care in vertebrates. 11. Group living, diversity of social behavior in vertebrates. 12. Vertebrate adaptation to flight. Comparison of adaptations to it in different groups. 13. Secondary aquatic vertebrates. Comparison of adaptations of different groups of secondary aquatic vertebrates. 14. Diversity of feeding methods in vertebrates. 15. Herbivorous vertebrates. Adaptations to plant food consumption in different groups. 16. Evolutionary history and systematics of tetrapods. 17. Diversity of thermoregulation methods in vertebrates. 18. Comparison of the development of anamniotes and amniotes. 18. Venomous vertebrates. Means of protection against associated dangers. 20. Dangerous vertebrates for humans (excluding venomous ones). Means of protection against associated dangers. 21. Vertebrate migrations. 22. Main events in vertebrate evolution during the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Section I. Archaic groups: craniates, tunicates, jawless fish 1. Place of the phylum Chordata in the animal kingdom system. 2. Main features of representatives of the phylum Chordata. 3. Origin of the phylum Chordata. 4. Connection between the features of early chordates and the nature of the fauna during the geological time of their appearance. 5. Connection between the characteristic features of the phylum Chordata and the lifestyle of their first representatives. 6. Reasons for the emergence of the notochord and other features of chordate representatives. 7. Characteristics of the class Cephalaspidomorphi. 8. Similarities and differences between modern lancelets and early chordates; their causes. 9. Features of lancelets related to their characteristic lifestyle. 10. Feeding of lancelets and the structure of their digestive system. 11. Reproduction and development of lancelets. 12. Features of tunicates related to their characteristic lifestyle. 13. Reproduction and development of tunicates. 14. Features of tunicates' structure using ascidians as an example. 15. Diversity of tunicates' lifestyles. 16. Characteristics of the class Ascidiacea. 17. Characteristics of the class Thaliacea. 18. Characteristics of the class Appendicularia. 19. Characteristics of hagfish. 20. Characteristics of lampreys. 21. Characteristics of the class Petromyzontida. 22. Connection between the skeletal features of lampreys and their lifestyle. Section II. Fish 1. Systematics of the superclass Pisces and evolutionary history of fish. 2. Sensory organs and nervous system of fish. 3. Integuments of fish. 4. Origin of the jaw arch, types of its attachment to the axial skull. 5. Diversity of swimming methods and body shapes of fish. 6. Fins of fish: diversity of structure and functions. 7. Marine and freshwater fish. Osmoregulation in fish. 8. Gas exchange in different groups of fish. 9. Circulatory system of different groups of fish. 10. Diversity of modern cartilaginous fish. 11. Feeding methods of different groups of cartilaginous fish and related features of their structure. 12. Reproduction of cartilaginous fish. 13. Reproduction of ray-finned fish. Diversity of parental care forms in fish. 14. Characteristics of the order Acipenseriformes. 15. Characteristics of the order Siluriformes. 16. Characteristics of the order Cypriniformes. 17. Characteristics of the order Perciformes. 18. Characteristics of modern lobe-finned fish. 19. Features of the circulatory and respiratory systems of modern lobe-finned fish. 20. Features of Rhipidistia. Prerequisites for vertebrate adaptation to land. 21. Use of fish by humans. Problems of fish conservation. 22. Main groups of fish found in freshwater and seas of Ukraine. Section III. Reptiles 1. Features of the tetrapod skeleton related to adaptation to land. 2. Features of the skeleton of anurans related to adaptation to jumping. 3. Evolutionary history and systematics of amphibians. 4. Nervous system and sensory organs of amphibians. 5. Features of individual development of different amphibians. 6. Integuments of amphibians and their skin glands. 7. Reproduction and parental care in amphibians. 8. Characteristics of caudate amphibians. 9. Characteristics of anurans. 10. Evolutionary history and systematics of reptiles. 11. Adaptations of reptiles to terrestrial life. 12. Features of the reptile skeleton. 13. Skull structure in representatives of different reptile groups. 14. Respiration and circulation in representatives of different reptile groups. 15. Nervous system and sensory organs of reptiles. 16. Reproduction of reptiles, its peculiarities in different groups. 17. Characteristics of turtles. 18. Characteristics of lizards. 19. Characteristics of snakes. 20. Venomous snakes and protection against their bites. 21. Characteristics of crocodiles. 22. Significance of amphibians and reptiles in ecosystems and features of their diversity conservation. Section IV. Birds 1. Origin and evolution of birds. 2. Systematics of birds. 3. Bird flight and adaptations to it. 4. Plumage of birds. Feather structure. 5. Features of the bird skeleton related to adaptation to flight. 6. Circulatory system of birds. 7. Structure and function of the bird respiratory system. 8. Digestive system of birds, features of its structure and function. 9. Reproduction of representatives of the class Aves. 10. Parental care in birds. 11. Features of bird behavior. 12. Bird feeding methods and adaptations to them. 13. Characteristics of ratites. 14. Characteristics of penguins. 15. Diversity of aquatic and water-associated birds. 16. Characteristics of the orders Galliformes and Anseriformes. 17. Characteristics of the orders Ciconiiformes and Gruiformes. 18. Characteristics of the orders Procellariiformes (Tubinares) and Charadriiformes. 19. Characteristics of the orders Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Strigiformes. 20. Characteristics of the order Passeriformes. 21. Main groups of birds in the fauna of Ukraine. 22. Use of birds by humans. Problems of bird conservation.