VI. Class Aves-02. Practical #07. Comparative Anatomy of Birds
Materials on comparative anatomy of birds considered in practical classes.
Arrangement of flight feathers. 1 - primary feathers; 2 - secondary feathers; 3 - tertiary feathers; 4 - alula. Feather structure diagram: A - general view; B - diagram of the vane structure. 1 - calamus; 2 - rachis; 3 - barbs; 4 - barbules; 5 - hooklets; 6 - outer vane; 7 - inner vane; 8 - downy part of the vane. Crow skull: A - lateral view; B - ventral view; C - dorsal view. 1 - foramen magnum; 2 - basioccipital; 3 - exoccipital; 4 - supraoccipital; 5 - occipital condyle; 6 - parietal; 7 - frontal; 8 - nasal; 9 - squamosal; 10 - external acoustic meatus; 11 - basisphenoid; 12 - vomer; 13 - prefrontal; 14 - premaxilla; 15 - maxilla; 16 - jugal; 17 - quadratojugal; 18 - quadrate; 19 - basisphenoid; 20 - pterygoid process of parasphenoid; 21 - vomer; 22 - palatine; 23 - pterygoid; 24 - dentary; 25 - articular; 26 - angular. Bird skeleton. 1 - humerus; 2 - radius; 3 - carpometacarpus; 4 - ulna; 5 - scapula; 6 - uncinate process of rib; 7 - ilium; 8 - ischium; 9 - pubis; 10 - femur; 11 - fibula; 12 - tarsometatarsus; 13 - tibia; 14 - keel; 15 - sternum; 16 - coracoid; 17 - clavicle; I, II, III - digits. Raven wing skeleton. 1 - humerus; 2 - radius; 3 - ulna; 4 - free carpal bones; 5 - carpometacarpus; 6 - phalanges of digit II; 7 - fused phalanx of digit I; 8 - fused phalanx of digit III. Raven hind limb skeleton. 1 - femur; 2 - patella; 3 - fibula; 4 - tibiotarsus; 5 - intertarsal joint; 6 - tarsometatarsus; 7 - phalanges of digits; I-IV - digits. General topography of internal organs of a male pigeon (Columba livia). 1 - beak tip; 2 - upper beak; 3 - nostril; 4 - cere; 5 - eye; 6 - upper eyelid; 7 - lower eyelid; 8 - external auditory meatus; 9 - esophagus; 10 - trachea; 11 - crop; 12 - thyroid gland; 13 - anterior vena cava (left); 14 - atrium; 15 - ventricle of the heart; 16 - lung; 17 - dorsal aorta; 18 - posterior vena cava; 19 - gonad; 20 - anterior mesenteric artery; 21 - femoral artery; 22 - femoral vein; 23 - sciatic vein; 24 - sciatic artery; 25 - kidney; 26 - afferent renal artery; 27 - hypogastric artery; 28 - internal iliac vein; 29 - vas deferens; 30 - caudal vena cava; 31 - ureter; 32 - oviduct; 33 - claw; 34 - cloaca; 35 - rectum; 36 - cecum; 37 - rectal vein; 38 - small intestine; 39 - caudal mesenteric vein; 40 - efferent renal vein; 41 - pancreas; 42 - hepatic portal vein; 43 - duodenum; 44 - trachea; 45 - gizzard; 46 - proventriculus; 47 - liver; 48 - brachiocephalic artery; 49 - crop. Diagram of bird air sacs (ventral view). 1 - trachea; 2 - lung; 3 - cervical air sac; 4 - interclavicular air sac; 5, 6, 7, 8 - diverticula of interclavicular air sac; 9 - anterior thoracic air sac; 10 - posterior thoracic air sac; 11 - abdominal air sac. Pigeon circulatory system diagram: A - general view (blood vessels with arterial blood are shown in white, with venous blood in black); B - dissected heart. 1 - right atrium; 2 - left atrium; 3 - left ventricle; 4 - right ventricle; 5 - pulmonary artery; 6 - pulmonary vein; 7 - right aortic arch; 8 - right brachiocephalic artery; 9 - left brachiocephalic artery; 10 - dorsal aorta; 11 - common carotid artery; 12 - subclavian artery; 13 - brachial artery; 14 - pectoral artery; 15 - visceral artery; 16 - mesenteric artery; 17 - renal artery; 18 - femoral artery; 18* - sciatic artery; 19 - iliac artery; 20 - caudal artery; 21 - jugular vein; 22 - brachial vein; 23 - pectoral vein; 24 - right anterior vena cava; 25 - left anterior vena cava; 26 - caudal vein; 27 - internal iliac vein; 28 - caudal mesenteric vein; 29 - renal portal vein; 30 - common caudal vein; 31 - femoral vein; 31* - sciatic vein; 32 - posterior vena cava; 33 - renal veins; 34 - hepatic portal vein; 35 - digestive tract vein; 36 - tricuspid valve between left atrium and left ventricle; 37 - valve between right atrium and right ventricle; 38 - pectoral muscles; 39 - lung; 40 - liver; 41 - testis; 42 - kidney. Pigeon urogenital system: A - male, B - female. 1 - left testis; 2 - left kidney; 3 - seminal vesicle; 4 - cloaca; 5 - right vas deferens; 6 - right ureter; 7 - left adrenal gland; 8 - left ovary; 9 - infundibulum of oviduct; 10 - left oviduct; 11 - uterus; 12 - rudiment of right ovary. Pigeon brain: A - dorsal view, B - ventral view, C - with dissected ventricles and removed cerebellum. 1 - olfactory bulbs of forebrain; 2 - cerebral hemispheres of forebrain; 3 - pineal gland; 4 - thalamus of diencephalon; 5 - cerebellum; 6 - medulla oblongata; 7 - infundibulum with pituitary gland; 8 - optic chiasm; 9 - striate bodies; 10 - optic lobes of midbrain.