#біосфера
17 materials
Ecology: The Biology of Interaction. II-17. (Supplement) The Anthropic Paradox
By analogy with these formulations, one may propose a "very strong anthropic principle," one possible variant of which is the participatory anthropic principle: "The existence of the Universe, of humanity, and of each individual human being are interrelated parts of …
Ecology: interaction biology. II-16. (supplement) Search for life in the Solar System
{ "title": "", "summary": "", "body": "The primary candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life, of course, is Mars. In the past, it was very similar to Earth, and even now, it likely retains the conditions necessary for the existence …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-15. (supplement) Venus, Earth, Mars
In the process of the formation of stellar systems, part of the matter that forms planets is distributed unevenly. Planets located closer to the star consist of denser substances. In terms of their original composition and properties, Earth is close …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. II-14. (Supplement) Some Stages in the History of Life on Earth
The development of life has led to a fundamental transformation of the Earth's surface. What do we see when we look around beyond human settlements? One or another landscape covered with vegetation characteristic of each region. In the vast majority …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-11. (supplement) The Geochronological Scale
To describe the history of Earth's life, one needs a scale that allows describing the corresponding time intervals. How is this history studied? By the sequence of sedimentary rocks. The mutual sequence of rocks is determined by the nature of …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-13. (supplement) The Origin of Life. Pre-living Systems
We can conclude that three conditions are necessary and sufficient for the origin of life. These are: — the possibility of the full spectrum of transitional states between non-living and living systems; — the possibility of spontaneous transitions from one …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-12. (supplement) What is Life?
We propose the following definition of the life phenomenon. Life — is the maintenance and reproduction of characteristic highly ordered structures, which are perfected through selection for reproductive efficiency and are carried out according to an internal program through external …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-10. (Supplement) Evolution of the Universe, the Solar System, and Earth
All known history of the Universe is a history of expansion. In the course of that expansion, elementary particles, hydrogen atoms, and stars formed by gravity appeared within it.
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-09. Biogeochemical Cycle of Phosphorus
The phosphorus cycle is much less regulated than the just-considered carbon and nitrogen cycles because phosphorus lacks an exchange reservoir in the atmosphere. Phosphorus is the primary element that controls the productivity of aquatic communities. In the experiment with pond …
Ecology: the biology of interaction. II-08. Biogeochemical cycle of Sulfur
Sulfur — a relatively abundant (fifteenth by chemical abundance) element in the Earth's crust, occurring in various oxidation states. It is a necessary component of proteins (0.8-2.4%), entering into their composition in the form of sulfhydryl groups (-SH) and disulfide …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. II-07. Biogeochemical Cycle of Nitrogen
The BGC cycle of Nitrogen is more complex than the Carbon cycle. It is also extremely important for living organisms. Although nitrogen is more abundant in the atmosphere than other gases, its incorporation into living matter is a far more …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. II-06. Biogeochemical Cycle of Carbon
Carbon is the foundation of organic compounds, and therefore the Carbon cycle is of particular significance for living organisms. The most important feature of this cycle is the presence of CO2 reserves — carbon dioxide — in the atmosphere, from …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-05. Energy Sources for Biogeochemical Cycles
Movement of elements in the biosphere is maintained by three main energy sources (“drive belts” of biogeochemical cycles): solar energy transformed by hydrosphere and atmosphere in the hydrological cycle; solar energy stored in organic matter by photosynthesis; and chthonic (internal …
Ecology: biology of interaction. II-04. Biogeochemical cycles
Biogeochemical cycle (BGC-cycle) refers to a relatively closed set of pathways for the transformation and movement of substances through living organisms and their environment. Biogeochemical cycles are called this because both biological and geochemical processes are involved in their functioning. …
Ecology: biology of interaction. II-03. Gaia hypothesis (metaphor)
In 1972, James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis proposed the so-called «Gaia hypothesis» — the conception of Earth as a superorganism that maintains its homeostasis. As Lovelock later indicated, he and Margulis independently arrived at ideas previously expressed by James Hutton …
Ecology: biology of interaction. II-02. Noosphere
Probably, the main author of the concept «noosphere» was Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a French priest and evolutionary scientist. Teilhard was a member of the Jesuit order, and therefore the ideas he publicly expressed were limited by the order's discipline. …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. II-01. Biosphere
The biosphere is Earth’s shell transformed by the activity of living organisms. An alternative interpretation (biosphere as the shell of Earth within which living organisms occur, the “field of life existence” in V. I. Vernadsky’s terms) is much less useful. …