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Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-13. Ecological Pyramids
Charles Elton proposed a way of graphically expressing relationships between trophic levels, which has become almost a symbol of ecology as a science. This refers to ecological pyramids. When constructing ecological pyramids, measures of abundance of representatives of different trophic levels are shown as rectangles, st...
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-15. (Supplement) Flora, Fauna, Consortia
Flora is the set of plant species associated with a given geographic space. Flora composition is determined both by present conditions and by geological history. Vegetation is the spatial organization of plant cover; fauna is the corresponding set of animal species.
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-16. (Supplement) Ecosystem Efficiency and Energy Subsidies
Ecosystems can be supported by energy expenditures from outside. To prevent weeds from outcompeting wheat in a wheat field, humans add external energy inputs.
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-17. (Supplement) Biomes and Human Culture
Humans evolved as a species with extraordinarily plastic behaviour, capable of occupying diverse ecological niches. In very broad terms, the following types of traditional human lifestyles can be distinguished. Appropriative economy: hunting, fishing, gathering. This highly diverse mode of human existence ...
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-10. Nature and Characteristics of Assemblages
{ "title": "", "summary": "", "body": "Probably, the group still represents a real ecological unit. The functioning of the group consists of the activity of its constituent individuals, but it is more than its sum. The efficiency of the group and its stability increase in proportion to how harmoniously, evolutionarily …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-09. Trends in Successions
In a typical succession sequence (e.g., in an artificial microcosm or during colonization of a new habitat in primary autotrophic succession), fast-growing species dominate first, then are replaced by slower but more competitive species.
Ecology: biology of interactions. III-08. Succession. Basic concepts
The main cause of successions is the absence of equilibrium between production and respiration in the ecosystem, that is, an imbalance of ecological balance. This leads to a change in the stock of organic matter in the ecosystem and, ultimately, to a change in the community. Placing various ecosystems on …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-07. Productivity of Different Biomes
Net primary production of land per year — 110–120 billion tons of dry organic matter, and of the ocean — 50–60 billion tons. Approximately, one can say that the ocean provides about 1/3 of our planet's production while occupying approximately 2/3 of its area. Note how the productivity of different …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-06. Ecosystem Production and Its Measurement
Biomass — the total mass of all organisms of the entire community or a separate population, measured in units of wet or dry mass per unit of area or volume of the environment. The biomass includes the bodies of organisms in their entirety, even if some of their parts are …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-05. Ecological Balance
Since autotrophs and heterotrophs are inextricably linked, the most important characteristic of the biosphere is the ratio between their main functions: the creation and destruction of organic matter. This ratio is called the ecological balance. A fundamental property of the biosphere — a positive balance outcome...
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-04. Classification of Biomes
A biome is a large type of biogeocenosis characterized by a similar nature of vegetation and occupying certain regions of the planet. Biomes are regulated by macroclimate and primarily by the amount of precipitation and temperature
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-02. Ecosystem Components
If one focuses on ecosystem functioning, the following components can be distinguished: recyclable inorganic matter, detritus, environment, producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Ecology: The Biology of Interaction. II-17. (Supplement) The Anthropic Paradox
By analogy with these formulations, one may propose a "very strong anthropic principle," one possible variant of which is the participatory anthropic principle: "The existence of the Universe, of humanity, and of each individual human being are interrelated parts of a single process." At the present stage...
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-01. Ecosystems and Biogeocenoses
An ecosystem is “a system composed of organism complexes together with the physical factors of their environment, i.e., habitat factors in the broad sense.”
Ecology: interaction biology. II-16. (supplement) Search for life in the Solar System
{ "title": "", "summary": "", "body": "The primary candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life, of course, is Mars. In the past, it was very similar to Earth, and even now, it likely retains the conditions necessary for the existence of the simplest forms of life. However, the search for …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-15. (supplement) Venus, Earth, Mars
In the process of the formation of stellar systems, part of the matter that forms planets is distributed unevenly. Planets located closer to the star consist of denser substances. In terms of their original composition and properties, Earth is close to its two neighboring planets — Venus and Mars. Among …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. II-14. (Supplement) Some Stages in the History of Life on Earth
The development of life has led to a fundamental transformation of the Earth's surface. What do we see when we look around beyond human settlements? One or another landscape covered with vegetation characteristic of each region. In the vast majority of places, rocks are covered with a layer of soil. …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-11. (supplement) The Geochronological Scale
To describe the history of Earth's life, one needs a scale that allows describing the corresponding time intervals. How is this history studied? By the sequence of sedimentary rocks. The mutual sequence of rocks is determined by the nature of their deposition and by the composition of fossils contained in …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. II-13. (supplement) The Origin of Life. Pre-living Systems
We can conclude that three conditions are necessary and sufficient for the origin of life. These are: — the possibility of the full spectrum of transitional states between non-living and living systems; — the possibility of spontaneous transitions from one state to another, adjacent; — the action of selection that …