#Екосистеми
17 materials
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-11. Trophic Links and Levels
Autotrophs obtain biogenic elements and the necessary energy from the environment and create organic substances. The organic substances of autotrophs are consumed by some heterotrophs, these heterotrophs -- by others, and so on until the organic matter synthesized by autotrophs …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-12. Ecological Efficiencies
The following measures of efficiency in energy consumption and processing can be distinguished: exploitation efficiency E1=Iexploiter/Pprey; assimilation efficiency E2=A/I; net production efficiency E3=P/A; gross production efficiency E4=P/I=E2×E3; ecological efficiency E5=Pexploiter/Ppre...
Ecology: The Biology of Interactions. III-14. (Supplement) School Problems on Ecological Pyramids
Did you know that hippopotamuses come ashore at night to graze? Apparently, in the imagination of the problem-book author and Wikipedia editors, frog tadpoles do something similar. Otherwise, these predominantly herbivorous aquatic larvae of tailless amphibians would be unable to …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-13. Ecological Pyramids
Charles Elton proposed a way of graphically expressing relationships between trophic levels, which has become almost a symbol of ecology as a science. This refers to ecological pyramids. When constructing ecological pyramids, measures of abundance of representatives of different trophic …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-15. (Supplement) Flora, Fauna, Consortia
Flora is the set of plant species associated with a given geographic space. Flora composition is determined both by present conditions and by geological history. Vegetation is the spatial organization of plant cover; fauna is the corresponding set of animal …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-16. (Supplement) Ecosystem Efficiency and Energy Subsidies
Ecosystems can be supported by energy expenditures from outside. To prevent weeds from outcompeting wheat in a wheat field, humans add external energy inputs.
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-17. (Supplement) Biomes and Human Culture
Humans evolved as a species with extraordinarily plastic behaviour, capable of occupying diverse ecological niches. In very broad terms, the following types of traditional human lifestyles can be distinguished. Appropriative economy: hunting, fishing, gathering. This highly diverse mode of human …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-10. Nature and Characteristics of Assemblages
{ "title": "", "summary": "", "body": "Probably, the group still represents a real ecological unit. The functioning of the group consists of the activity of its constituent individuals, but it is more than its sum. The efficiency of the group …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-09. Trends in Successions
In a typical succession sequence (e.g., in an artificial microcosm or during colonization of a new habitat in primary autotrophic succession), fast-growing species dominate first, then are replaced by slower but more competitive species.
Ecology: biology of interactions. III-08. Succession. Basic concepts
The main cause of successions is the absence of equilibrium between production and respiration in the ecosystem, that is, an imbalance of ecological balance. This leads to a change in the stock of organic matter in the ecosystem and, ultimately, …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-07. Productivity of Different Biomes
Net primary production of land per year — 110–120 billion tons of dry organic matter, and of the ocean — 50–60 billion tons. Approximately, one can say that the ocean provides about 1/3 of our planet's production while occupying approximately …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-06. Ecosystem Production and Its Measurement
Biomass — the total mass of all organisms of the entire community or a separate population, measured in units of wet or dry mass per unit of area or volume of the environment. The biomass includes the bodies of organisms …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-05. Ecological Balance
Since autotrophs and heterotrophs are inextricably linked, the most important characteristic of the biosphere is the ratio between their main functions: the creation and destruction of organic matter. This ratio is called the ecological balance. A fundamental property of the …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-04. Classification of Biomes
A biome is a large type of biogeocenosis characterized by a similar nature of vegetation and occupying certain regions of the planet. Biomes are regulated by macroclimate and primarily by the amount of precipitation and temperature
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-02. Ecosystem Components
If one focuses on ecosystem functioning, the following components can be distinguished: recyclable inorganic matter, detritus, environment, producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. III-01. Ecosystems and Biogeocenoses
An ecosystem is “a system composed of organism complexes together with the physical factors of their environment, i.e., habitat factors in the broad sense.”