#Біосистеми
21 materials
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-10. (supplement) Dennett's creatures: modeling as the main function of the mind
The only gregorian beings known to us are representatives of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758. When you interact with this text and diagrams, you implement exactly that method of model improvement that is characteristic of gregorian beings. By the way, it …
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-17. (supplement) Why is the world exactly as it is? Stability, not optimality
Bad news: we live in a world of Nash, not a world of Pareto...
Ecology: the biology of interactions. I-18. (supplement) Levels of selection
Different levels of biological systems differ substantially in their properties. One of the common mistakes is the expectation that selection will operate identically at all levels. If at the individual level selection occurs through the death of some units and …
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-19. (supplement) Dual-level selection scenarios: Invisible hand, Invisible foot, Invisible head
We will use the concept of the Invisible Hand (© Adam Smith) for cases of optimization consistency at higher and lower levels. In case of contradiction between levels, we will speak of the Invisible Foot (© Herman Daly) in case …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. I-16. (supplement) Why is the world the way it is? The power of the evolutionary-ecological approach
We give an example of applying the ecological-evolutionary approach to understand why organisms are the way we observe them. The key to explaining the properties of any biosystem lies in considering the features of its relationships with the environment throughout …
Ecology: The Biology of Interactions. I-09. Modelling as Cognition — of Biosystems and Everything Else
A simulation model can be regarded as a set of computed quantities and rules for recomputing them. Naturally, when building a model, one should provide an "input" (a description of the initial state of the modelled system, input parameters and …
Ecology: the science of interactions. I-05. Selection as the cause of adaptiveness in biosystems
Evolution of organisms is linked to their reproduction. Adapted organisms spread, unadapted — disappear. Can an object evolve that doesn't create copies of itself, but simply changes its states? Yes. An example can be the complication of the brain of …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. I-11. (Supplement) The Scientific Method
The operation of the hypothetico-deductive model of scientific cognition can be described by the following algorithm: 1. Search for inconsistencies in the application of the scientific system of concepts (the model of reality constructed by science) to explain available data; …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. I-15. (Supplement) Models as a Tool of (Self-)Deception
«The computer memory was loaded with a description of a chordate animal prototype analogous to the lancelet that has survived to the present day (A); the numbers at the bottom are the ‘genotype’ — a machine description of 24 traits …
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-12. (supplement) Universal properties of biosystems
Despite specificity of biosystems at different levels, a set of universal properties can be identified: ordered composition, hierarchy, metabolism, information continuity and variability, individuality, and capacity for reproduction/self-renewal across levels.
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-07. Properties of complex systems
The more integrated a system is, the harder its mosaic description becomes. A reductionist view is necessary but insufficient: emergent properties arise from interactions and cannot be fully inferred from isolated parts.
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-14. (supplement) Describing diversity of biosystems: classification, typology, ordination
Dynamic typology is based not only on analysis of an object’s observed state, but also on forecast (typically probabilistic) of its future dynamics. One path to its construction is analysis of phase space trajectories and stability basins.
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. I-08. Stability of Biosystems
A characteristic feature of regulation by the principle of negative feedback is that it leads to oscillations of the regulated variable. If the influence drives the biosystem beyond the limits of its regulation by negative feedback loops, it will transition …
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-06. Regulation of biosystems
Direct link — is the influence of a certain factor on the studied system (example: turning the steering wheel, the driver changes the direction of the car’s movement). Feedback — the dependence of the controlling influence on the state of …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. I-03. Levels of Biosystem Organization
Biological systems are organized hierarchically, and at each level regulation is carried out using similar principles. In the late 20th century, the systems approach stemming from Ludwig von Bertalanffy gained development. It is based on the premise that systems built …
Ecology: The Biology of Interaction. I-02. History of Ecology
There is a view that ecology as a science might have been born at the end of the eighteenth or the beginning of the nineteenth century, owing to the work of Antoine Lavoisier. In 1792, Lavoisier presented a report «The …
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. I-04. Structure of Ecology and its Place Among the Branches of Biology
In this course, ecology is divided into general and special, and within general ecology branches are distinguished that correspond to different levels of biosystem organization.
Ecology: the Biology of Interactions. I-01. "Ecology" — What Is It?
The term «ecology» was coined by Haeckel from two Greek roots: oicos — home and logos — word, science. From the moment the concept of «ecology» was established, there has been an unbroken succession of researchers who interpreted it in …