#Екологія: біологія взаємодії
138 materials
Ecology: the biology of interaction. VII-06. Approximation of data on global human population growth using various models
Яка математична закономірність найкраще описує зростання кількості представників нашого виду на Землі? Для цього можна використати оцінки чисельності людства на різних етапах своєї історії. Звісно, ці оцінки не є абсолютно точними, але це — найкраще, що у нас є, і …
Ecology: The Biology of Interactions. Appendix VII. Semi-finished Components for Building R Models
The idea behind this page is simple: to collect fragments of R scripts that may be useful when creating new models. What should these fragments be called? Examples? Samples? Templates? "Blanks"? Recipes? Let them be called "semi-finished components", semifinished. The …
EcoLectures#06_Population Growth Models
{ "title": "", "summary": "", "body": "Discussion of population growth models provides an opportunity to understand both the threat of a Malthusian catastrophe and descriptions of species strategies, and even the basics of classification of relationships between populations BATRIMG<N>BATR" }
Ecology: Biology of Interactions. VII-05. The Preconditions-and-Consequences Model: Simpson's Paradox and the Evolution of Altruism
The "Simpson's Paradox" model is an example of a "preconditions-and-consequences model" that tests the assumption of whether certain preconditions are sufficient for the emergence of a given property in the system under study. This model seeks an answer to the …
Ecology: the biology of interaction. IV-19. (supplement) Evolution of altruism
Thus, according to the presented views, altruistic behavior can be maintained by selection at three different levels. Altruistic behavior toward relatives is a consequence of kin selection acting at the gene level; selection for the ability to engage in reciprocal …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. VII-04. Some Types of R-Models in Population Ecology: Their Purpose and Structure
Why does the sun appear in the sky every morning and disappear every evening? Different answers to this question represent different models. One of the oldest models known to us, approximately five thousand years old, was created in Heliopolis, Egypt. …
Ecology: the Biology of Interaction. VII-03. Arithmetic and Geometric Growth
What is distinctive about the growth of organism numbers as a result of reproduction? Can a growing population avert a Malthusian catastrophe? In this and the two preceding sections there is sufficient information to begin searching for answers to these …
Ecology: The Biology of Interactions. VII-02. Introduction to R Properties Through Simple Examples
This section discusses the use of the R Markdown text markup language and the code chunks (code inserts) it provides for describing work with R. Basic information is then presented on vectors in R, their creation and indexing, the use …
Ecology: The Biology of Interaction. Appendix VI. Overview of R Commands
Here is a brief overview of R commands
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. VII-01. First Steps in Using RStudio
Since 2024, the authors have been adding to the ecology course explanations of the use of simulation modelling for better mastery of course materials. This page presents an introductory description of the features of the R language and a beginner-oriented …
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-10. (supplement) Dennett's creatures: modeling as the main function of the mind
The only gregorian beings known to us are representatives of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758. When you interact with this text and diagrams, you implement exactly that method of model improvement that is characteristic of gregorian beings. By the way, it …
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-17. (supplement) Why is the world exactly as it is? Stability, not optimality
Bad news: we live in a world of Nash, not a world of Pareto...
Ecology: the biology of interactions. I-18. (supplement) Levels of selection
Different levels of biological systems differ substantially in their properties. One of the common mistakes is the expectation that selection will operate identically at all levels. If at the individual level selection occurs through the death of some units and …
Ecology: biology of interaction. I-19. (supplement) Dual-level selection scenarios: Invisible hand, Invisible foot, Invisible head
We will use the concept of the Invisible Hand (© Adam Smith) for cases of optimization consistency at higher and lower levels. In case of contradiction between levels, we will speak of the Invisible Foot (© Herman Daly) in case …
Ecology: Biology of Interaction. I-16. (supplement) Why is the world the way it is? The power of the evolutionary-ecological approach
We give an example of applying the ecological-evolutionary approach to understand why organisms are the way we observe them. The key to explaining the properties of any biosystem lies in considering the features of its relationships with the environment throughout …
Ecology: The Biology of Interactions. I-09. Modelling as Cognition — of Biosystems and Everything Else
A simulation model can be regarded as a set of computed quantities and rules for recomputing them. Naturally, when building a model, one should provide an "input" (a description of the initial state of the modelled system, input parameters and …
Ecology: the science of interactions. I-05. Selection as the cause of adaptiveness in biosystems
Evolution of organisms is linked to their reproduction. Adapted organisms spread, unadapted — disappear. Can an object evolve that doesn't create copies of itself, but simply changes its states? Yes. An example can be the complication of the brain of …
Ecology: the biology of interaction. IV-13. Gause's competitive exclusion principle
In 1931–1935, the young Soviet biologist Georgii Franzovych Gause attempted to experimentally verify the competition equations derived by V. Volterra. Gause understood that for experiments in population biology, the simplest organisms are well suited: they require a very small amount …